Palinspastic map for the Early Miocene with indication of palaeobiogeographic units (from Neubauer et al., 2015, modified after Popov et al., 2004 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825215000197#bb0525)). Palaeogeography of the Upper Rhine Graben emended after Berger et al. (2005) (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825215000197#bb0065). Outlines are drawn after palaeogeographic reconstructions or sediment distributions. Faunas of freshwater systems fringing the Central Paratethys do not form a homogenous palaeogeographic entity. They are based on too many localities to be clearly indicated on the map. Abbreviations: 1 – Vallès-Penedès (m); 2 – Vilanova i la Geltrú (m); 3 – Aquitaine (m); 4 – Lower Rhône (m); 5 – Limagne (l); 6 – Paris (m); 7 – Lower Rhine (w); 8 – Mainz (b); 9 – Upper Rhine Graben (b); 10 – Hanau-Wetterau (b); 11 – Rhoen (l); 12 – Sokolov-Cheb (l); 13 – North Bohemian Lake (l); 14 – Sainte-Croix (l); 15 – Fleurier (b); 16 – Courtelary (b); 17 – Moutier (l); 18 – Delemont (b); 19 – Laufen (l); 20 – Upper Marine Molasse (m); 21 – Upper Marine Molasse (“Helicidenmergel”) (m); 22 – Öpfingen (l); 23 – Thalfingen (w); 24 – Oggenhausen (l); 25 – Upper Brackish Water Molasse (b); 26 – Upper Freshwater Molasse (w); 27 – Sandelzhausen (w); 28 – Bavarian Rzehakia (b); 29 – Moravian Rzehakia (b); 30 – Bełchatów (l); 31 – Korneuburg (f); 32 – Bakony (l); 33 – Mecsek (l); 34 – Glina (l); 35 – Bihać-Cazin (l); 36 – Pag (l); 37 – Udbina (l); 38 – Sarajevo (l); 39 – Mostar (l); 40 – Trijebine (l). Environments are characterised as: b – brackish; f – fluviatile; l – lacustrine; m – marginal marine; w – wetlands; u – unknown – Location of the Oligocene/Miocene boundary deduced from mammal sites in the Limagne graben (Hugueney et al., 1999).