Table 1
Main characteristics of samples. Atomic ratios for Upper Carboniferous coals from France are given in Copard (2002), for Eucalyptus chars in Trompowsky et al. (2005). Vitrinite reflectance and atomic ratios values of coal samples from Gironville (GIR) are calculated from the compilation of Rouzaud et al. (1991).
| Sample | Type | Sampling, location, age (natural samples) – production (synthetic samples) |
RO (in %), rank (natural samples) – experimental conditions (synthetic samples) |
(H/C)at. | (O/C)at. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RB1 | Coal | Outcrop, Saint-Etienne coalfield (Fr.), Upper Carboniferous | 0.941, H.V.B. to M.V.B. | 0.70 | 0.08 |
| RB2 | – | – | 0.911, H.V.B. | 0.76 | 0.08 |
| RB3 | – | – | 0.851, H.V.B. | 0.80 | 0.09 |
| SCM1 | – | – | 0.791, H.V.B. | 0.80 | 0.09 |
| G51 | – | 1.514, M.V.B. to L.V.B. | 0.60 | 0.04 | |
| Se3 | – | Outcrop, Graissessac coalfield (Fr.), Upper Carboniferous | 1.302, M.V.B. | 0.61 | 0.05 |
| Se42 | – | – | 1.402, M.V.B. | 0.63 | 0.05 |
| Se43 | – | – | 1.462, M.V.B. | 0.50 | 0.05 |
| Se5 | – | – | 1.462, M.V.B. | 0.59 | 0.05 |
| SCM3 | – | Outcrop, Saint-Etienne coalfield (Fr.), Upper Carboniferous | 1.391, M.V.B. | 0.48 | 0.10 |
| PN1 | – | – | 1.821, L.V.B. | 0.52 | 0.04 |
| A20 | – | Outcrop, Alès / Gard coalfield (Fr.), Upper Carboniferous | 1.723, L.V.B | 0.53 | 0.03 |
| A21 | – | – | 1.723, L.V.B. | 0.67 | 0.03 |
| A22 | – | – | 1.723, L.V.B. | 0.53 | 0.03 |
| A23 | – | – | 1.673, L.V.B. | 0.56 | 0.11 |
| A24 | – | – | 1.703, L.V.B. | 0.50 | 0.05 |
| A30 | – | – | 1.833, L.V.B. | 0.62 | 0.03 |
| A31 | – | – | 1.793, L.V.B. | 0.56 | 0.03 |
| A32 | – | – | 1.763, L.V.B. | 0.54 | 0.04 |
| A33 | – | – | 1.953, semi Anthracite | 0.54 | 0.03 |
| Beulah | Mine, Beulah-Zap seam, Mercer County, North Dakota (USA), Paleocene14 | 0.256, Lignite | 0.805 | 0.205 | |
| Poca | – | Mine, Pocahontas seam, Buchanan County, Virginia (USA), Upper Carboniferous5 | 1.686, L.V.B. | 0.605 | 0.025 |
| Mure | – | Mine, La Mure coalfield (Fr.), Upper Carboniferous | 4.917, Anthracite | 0.217 | 0.027 |
| GIR 3580 | – | 3580 m depth, Gironville borehole 101, Sarro-Lorrain Basin (Fr.), Upper Carboniferous11 | 2.13, Semi-Anthracite | 0.49 | 0.03 |
| GIR 3610 | – | 3610 m depth, (see GIR1) | 2.16, Semi-Anthracite | 0.49 | 0.03 |
| GIR 3726 | – | 3726 m depth, (see GIR1) | 2.29, Semi-Anthracite | 0.47 | 0.03 |
| GIR 4259 | – | 4259 m depth, (see GIR1) | 2.99, Anthracite | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| GIR 4262 | – | 4262 m depth, (see GIR1) | 2.99, Anthracite | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| GIR 4933 | – | 4933 m, depth, (see GIR1) | 4.18, Anthracite | 0.37 | 0.02 |
| GIR 5221 | – | 5221 m, depth, (see GIR1) | 4.83, Anthracite | 0.35 | 0.02 |
| A23 − 590 | Coal residue | Residue of A23 sample from off-line pyrolysis under nitrogen1 | 590 °C held 1 h1 | 0.40 | 0.04 |
| Ceylan | Graphite natural | Vein graphite from the Bogala and Kahatagaha-Kolongaha mines, Sri Lanka, historical reference of graphite15 | nc | nc | nc |
| SLX 50HT | Graphite synthetic | Petroleum coke pyrolyzed | 3000 °C | nc | nc |
| Sacc | Coke | Saccharose pyrolyzed, | 1000 °C held 1 h | 0.1512 | 0.0412 |
| Soot | Soot (synthetic) | Produced by open n-hexane flame and collected from the top of the flame on an inverted funnel surface12 | 527–538 °C, air13 | 0.189 | 0.079 |
| CB3 | Char (natural) | Betula pendula hardwood char, produced by combustion in a chimney | 600 °C held 45 min | 0.36 | 0.14 |
| LC-Char | Char (synthetic) | Castanea satyva hardwood char, pyrolyzed under nitrogen atmosphere8 | 450 °C for 5 h | 0.709 | 0.309 |
| Grass-Char | Char (synthtetic) | Oryza sativa straw char pyrolyzed under nitrogen atmosphere8 | 450 °C held 5 h | 0.719 | 0.299 |
| ES1 | Char (synthetic) | Eucalyptus saligna char, produced in a kiln with an oxygen free environment10 | 300 °C held 8 h | 0.69 | 0.30 |
| ES2 | – | – | 350 °C held 8 h | 0.60 | 0.26 |
| ES3 | – | – | 400 °C held 8 h | 0.46 | 0.19 |
| ES4 | – | – | 450 °C held 8 h | 0.45 | 0.15 |
| ES5 | – | – | 500 °C held 8 h | 0.41 | 0.07 |
| ES6 | – | – | 550 °C held 8 h | 0.36 | 0.06 |
| EG1 | – | Eucalyptus grandis char, produced in a kiln with an oxygen free environment10 | 300 °C held 8 h | 0.63 | 0.29 |
| EG2 | – | – | 350 °C held 8 h | 0.58 | 0.27 |
| EG3 | – | – | 400 °C held 8 h | 0.46 | 0.21 |
| EG4 | – | – | 450 °C held 8 h | 0.43 | 0.17 |
| EG5 | – | – | 500 °C held 8 h | 0.38 | 0.08 |
| EG6 | – | – | 550 °C held 8 h | 0.37 | 0.10 |
References related to samples (measurements, experimental conditions): 1: Copard (2002); 2: Copard et al. (2000); 3: Copard et al. (2002);4: Copard et al. (2004); 5: Vorres (1990); 6: Busch et al. (2003); 7: Duber et al. (2000); 8 Hammes et al. (2007); 9: Hammes et al. (2008); 10: Trompowsky et al. (2005); 11: Rouzaud et al. (1991); 12: Rouzaud and Oberlin (1990); 13: Akhter et al. (1985); 14: Nichols (1999); 15: Bernal (1924).
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