Comparison of the positions of the subduction zone at 35 Ma, 23 Ma and present and the estimated displacements since 35 Ma. Orange color represents the extent of syn-rift volcanism, including the orange arrows along the southern coast of France that stand for the adakitic outcrops dated from the latest Eocene and early Oligocene (Réhault et al., 2012; Jolivet et al., 2020; Maillard et al., 2020). Thick dashed lines show the limits of thick and hot crust at the time of rifting. The grey curved arrow symbolizes the toroidal flow due to the retreat of the Apennines slab (Vignaroli et al., 2009).