Table 1
Lithology, sedimentary structure and paleoenvironmental interpretations of Cenomanian to Santonian rocks of the Iberian margin of the Pyrenees.
| Position within the downdip profile (hydrodynamism) | Lithofacies | Non-bioclastic components | Bioclastic components | Sedimentary and biogenic structures | Sorting and grain size | Energy and depositional environment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope to basin | F1a: turbidites | Quartz (C), glauconite (R), micas (R), peloids (R) | Planktonic foraminifers (R), calcispheres (R), benthic foraminifers (R), bivalves (R), echinoderms (R), corals (R) | Alternating fine sediment (clay to mudstone) and sandstone to detrital limestone, planar bedding | Moderately sorted, <4 μm for clay and up centimetric elements for sandstones, normally graded sequences | Basin (lower offshore) |
| F1b: carbonate breccia | Rock clasts with various lithology: Cretaceous carbonate platform (foraminiferal mudstone to peloidal grainstone), Paleozoic basement | Planktonic foraminifers (R), calcispheres (R) | Erosive basal surfaces, slumps, matrix to clast supported | Poorly sorted, pluricentimetric to plurimetric clasts | Slope (lower offshore) | |
| Outer ramp | F2a: claystone | Silt (R) | Planktonic foraminifers (R), benthic foraminifers (R), bivalves (R), echinoderms (R) | Abundant bioturbation | Very well sorted; <4 μm | Very low energy, lower offshore |
| F2b: marl | Silt (C) | Planktonic foraminifers (R), benthic foraminifers (R), bivalves (R), echinoderms (R) | Abundant bioturbation | Very well sorted | Very low energy, lower offshore | |
| F2c: alternating marl and micritic limestone | Glauconite (R), oxides | Planktonic foraminifers (R), benthic foraminifers (R), bivalves (R) | Abundant bioturbation | Very well sorted | Very low energy, lower offshore | |
| F2d: clayey glauconitic-planktonic foraminiferal mudstone | Glauconite (R), ferruginous peloids (R), quartz (R), micas (R) | Planktonic foraminifers (R), benthic foraminifers (R), echinoids (R), crinoids (R), bivalves (R), brachiopods (R), green algae (R), dinoflagellates (R) | Bioturbation | Well sorted, 50 μm to 5 cm | Low energy, lower offshore | |
| Mid-ramp | F3a: calcisphere-planktonic foraminiferal wackestone | Lumps (R), glauconite (R) | Calcispheres (A), planktonic foraminifers (C), bivalves (C), crinoids (C), echinoids (R) | Bioturbation, wave ripples, gutter casts | Well sorted, 20–500 μm | Low to moderate energy, upper offshore |
| F3b: echinoderm wackestone to packstone | Peloids (R), quartz (R) | Crinoids (A), echinoids (F), bivalves (C), bryozoans (C), benthic foraminifers (R), gastropods (R), miliolids (R) | Bioturbation, gutter casts, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) | Moderately sorted, 200 μm to 3 cm | Low to moderate energy, upper offshore | |
| F3c: bivalve wackestone to packstone | Bivalves (A), crinoids (C), corals (C), rudists (R), echinoids (R), bryozoans (R), gastropods (R), benthic foraminifers (R), planktonic foraminifers (R) | Bioturbation, shell-graded layers, wave ripples, gutter casts | Moderately sorted, 50 μm to 5 cm | Low to moderate energy, upper offshore | ||
| F3d: coral fragments wackestone to packstone | Peloids (C), intraclast (R), quartz (R) | Corals (A), bivalves (C), benthic foraminifers (C), crinoids (R), echinoids (R) | Bioturbation, shell-graded layers, wave ripples, gutter casts | Poorly sorted, 50 μm to 10 cm | Low to moderate energy, upper offshore | |
| F3e: bioclastic quartz-rich wackestone to packstone | Quartz (A), peloids (R) | Bivalves (C), crinoids (C), echinoids (R), bryozoans (R), corals (R), miliolids (R) | Bioturbation, hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) | Moderately sorted, 50 μm to 3 cm | Low to moderate energy, upper offshore | |
| Shoals/barrier in the inner ramp | F4a: bioclastic peloidal grainstone | Peloids (A), superficial ooids (R), intraclasts (R), quartz (R) | Crinoids (F), bryozoans (C), bivalves (R), echinoids (R), corals (R), gastropods (R), miliolids (R), Prealveolina (R), serpulites (R) | Unidirectional cross-bedding in megaripples, microbial peloids, wave ripples | Moderately sorted, 100 μm to 3 cm | High energy wave-dominated shoreface |
| F4b: foraminiferal grainstone | Peloids (F), superficial ooids (R), intraclasts (R) | Miliolids (F), other benthic foraminifers (F), Prealveolina (R), bivalves (R), echinoderms (R) | Cross-bedding in megaripples, microbial peloids | Well sorted, 50–300 μm | High energy wave- to tide-dominated shoreface | |
| F4c: intraclasts-lump grainstone to rudstone | Intraclasts (F), lumps (C), peloids (R), quartz (R) | Bryozoans (C), bivalves (C), crinoids (C), echinoids (C), corals (C), gastropods (R), red algae (R) | Poorly sorted, 100 μm to 5 cm | High energy wave- to tide-dominated shoreface | ||
| F4d: coral bioconstructions (mixstone) in peloidal grainstones | Branching coral, lamellar corals, massive corals (A), bivalves (C), gastropods (C), bryozoans (R), echinoids (R), crinoids (R) | Bioherms and biostromes | High energy wave- to tide-dominated shoreface | |||
| F4e: quartz-bioclastic grainstone | Quartz (F), peloids (C), intraclasts (R), superficial ooids (R) | Bivalves (C), crinoids (C), echinoids (R), corals (R), bryozoans (R), miliolids (R), Prealveolina (R), other benthic foraminifers (R), brachiopods (R) | Bioturbations (Thalassinoides), bidirectional tangential cross-bedding in centimetric megaripples to plurimetric dunes, conjugate ripples, clay drapes | Moderately sorted, 100 μm to 3 cm | High energy tide-dominated shoreface | |
| F4f: quartz sandstone | Quartz (A), lithoclasts (C), feldspar (R), oxides (R), peloids (R) | Crinoids (R), bryozoans (R), bivalves (R), benthic foraminifers (R) | Bidirectional tangential cross-bedding in megaripples | Moderately sorted, 100 μm to 3 cm | High energy tide-dominated shoreface (estuarial environment) | |
| Lagoon to continental environments | F5a: rudist micritic floatstone | Rudists (A), other bivalves (R), miliolids (R), other benthic foraminifers (R), gastropods (R), echinoderms (R) | Washover deposits, bioturbations | Poorly sorted, 50 μm to 20 cm | Moderate energy protected environment, lagoon | |
| F5b: coral wackestone to floatstone | Peloids (C) | Corals (A), bivalves (R), gastropods (R), bryozoans (R), echinoderms (R) | Washover deposits, bioturbations | Poorly sorted, 50 μm to 20 cm | Low to moderate energy protected environment, lagoon | |
| F5c: foraminiferal wackestone to packstone | Peloids (R), quartz (R), intraclasts (R), lumps (R) | Miliolids (F), Prealveolina (C), other benthic foraminifers (F), bivalves (C), corals (R), gastropods (R), crinoids (R) | Birdseyes | Moderately sorted, 50 μm to 2 cm | Low to moderate energy protected environment, lagoon to beach | |
| F5d: Peloid grainstone | Peloids (A), quartz (C), superficial ooids (R), intraclasts (R), lumps (R) | Crinoids (C), echinoids (R), bivalves (R), benthic foraminifers (R), corals (R), bryozoans (R) | Planar bedding | Moderately sorted, 100 μm to 3 cm | High energy foreshore environment (tidal sand flat) | |
| F5e: sandstone alternating with siltstone to mudstone layers | Quartz (A), feldspar (R), biotite (R), oxides (R), peloids (R) | Bivalves (R), benthic foraminifers (R), bryozoans (R), echinoderms (R) | Planar bedding, clay drapes | Moderately sorted, <4 μm to 3 cm | High energy foreshore environment (tidal sand flat) | |
| F5f: conglomerate | Quartz (A), lithoclasts (F), feldspar (R), oxides (R), peloids (R) | Rudists (R), other bivalves (R), miliolids (R), Prealveolina (R), corals (R), bryozoans (R), echinoderms (R) | Bioturbations, normal grading, erosive basal surface | Poorly sorted, 100 μm to 10 cm | High energy foreshore to beach environment | |
| F5g: paleosol | Clay (F), silt (F), quartz (F), iron hydroxides (C) | Characeae gyrogonites (R), oysters (R) | Roots (rhizolites) | Very well sorted; <4 μm | Backshore to continental environment |
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