Top and lateral views of Model 3. Slab break-off occurs between 160 s (margin of northern Adria) and 300 s (margin of western Africa). The red dotted-line in (f) shows the boundary of the continental domain that first subducted and then came back to the surface following break-off, and the white-blue dotted lines show the position of the cross-sections along which subduction lengths presented in Figure 6a are measured.