Characterization of the upper mantle flows. A: Synthetic map considering the Moho depth, the LAB depth, the tomography anomalies, the high surface temperature, the SKS splitting data and the location of lithospheric and transfer faults. B: Schematic illustration of Oligocene to present mantle flow (modified from Jolivet et al., 2022). C: Mantle flow upwellings related to the Calabrian slab (modified from Faccenna et al., 2010).