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Table 2
Main results of pollen, coprophilous fungus spores (CFS), carbonized particles (CP), ash content and XRF analyses for each local pollen assemblage zones (LPAZ). (AP: arboreal pollens; API: anthropogenic pollen indicators; +,++,+++: qualitative presence; −: absence).
| LPAZ Dates (cal.BP) |
Chrono-cultural periods (cal. BP) |
Main vegetation | AP | NAP, Spores | Crops | API | CFS | CP | Ash content and XRF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WAL6 400-45 |
Modern period | Pinus- (Quercus-Fagus) |
– Pinus increase – 280 cal. BP: Picea increase |
– Second maximum of Poaceae (values %) – 100 cal. BP: increase of Cyperaceae and Juncus, decrease of Sphagnum |
++ | +++ | + | + | – Decrease of ash content after peak at 360 cal. BP – Strong increase of Pb/Ti |
| WAL5b 600-400 |
Late Middle Ages (650–450) |
Quercus | – Increase of all trees − 480 cal. BP: Quercus maximal values (44%) |
– Decrease of Poaceae – Maximum of Calluna and aquatic taxa – Decrease of Ericaceae |
+++ | ++++ | – | + | – Increase of ash content – Increase of Si, Ti – Increase of Si/Ti – Increase of Pb/Ti, Zn/Ti |
| WAL5a 900-600 |
High Middle Ages (950-650) |
– 770 cal. BP: AP decrease – 620 cal. BP: brief fall of all trees – Pinus decrease |
– Increase and maximum of Poaceae (values %) – Decrease of Sphagnum |
+++ | ++++ | +++ | ++ | – Increase of ash content – Increase of Si, Ti |
|
| WAL4d 1100-900 |
Early Middle Ages (1450-950) |
Pinus- (Quercus-Fagus) |
– Increase of Carpinus – 976 cal. BP: beginning of Quercus increase |
– Increase of Ericaceae and Sphagnum | – | ++ | + | – | – Very low ash content – Small decrease of Si, Ti |
| WAL4c 1350-1100 |
– Pinus decrease – Increase of Carpinus and Fagus |
– Increase of Calluna and Sphagnum – Decrease of Juncus |
+ | ++ | ++ | ++ | – Decrease of ash content – Small decrease of Si, Ti |
||
| WAL4b 2000-1350 |
Gallo-Roman period (2000-1450) |
– 1560 cal. BP: beginning of Pinus decrease – 1935 cal. BP: peak of Quercus (27%) |
– Decrease of Calluna – Maximal values of Juncus |
++ | +++ | + | ++ | – Low ash content – Elements more or less stable |
|
| WAL4a 2700-2000 |
Iron Age (2750-2000) |
– Decrease of AP, particularly Fagus | – Increase of Poaceae – Increase of Calluna |
++ | +++ | + | +++ | – Low ash content – Elements more or less stable |
|
| WAL3 4100-2700 |
Bronze Age (4150-2750) |
Pinus-Fagus | – 3290 cal. BP: peak of Fagus – 3745 cal. BP: decrease of Corylus and beginning of Carpinus – Decrease of Ulmus and Tilia |
– Increase of Calluna – 3520 cal. BP: peak of Poaceae (18%) |
+ | + | – | ++ | – Decrease of ash content, Si and Ti at the beginning of zone – 3900 cal.BP: increase of Pb/Ti, Si/Ti |
| WAL2 5700-4100 |
Neolithic (4150-7450) |
Pinus-Corylus | – 4580 cal. BP: increase of Fagus – Occurences of Abies and Picea |
– Rare occurrences of Calluna – Juncus increase – Increase of Monoletes |
– | + | – | – | – Decrease of Si, Ti – 4180 cal. BP: peak of ash |
| WAL1 6620-5700 |
– Rare occurrences of Picea – Maximal values of Pinus, Corylus, Tilia and Ulmus |
– Rare occurrences of Calluna and Juncus – Maximum values of Monoletes |
– | + | – | – | – Increase of Si and Ti – 80% of ash content |
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