Supplementary Material

Fig. 1. Element mapping shows the texture of the pyrites and pyrrhotites from Muping-Rushan gold belt. BEI=Backscattered electron imaging. Py=pyrite, Po= pyrrhotite.

Table 1. Metallogenetic geologic characteristics of typical ore deposits.

Table 2. Samples description and location presented in this study

Table 3. In situ sulfur isotope analyses in Muping-Rushan gold belt.

Table 4. Lead isotope composition for Muping-Rushan gold belt, Kunyushan granitic complex and Jiaodong group.

Table 5. Helium and argon data for fluids extracted from Muping-Rushan gold belt.

© J.-T. He et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2025