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Accueil Tous les numéros Volume 194 (2023) BSGF - Earth Sci. Bull., 194 (2023) 16 Full HTML
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Numéro
BSGF - Earth Sci. Bull.
Volume 194, 2023
Numéro d'article 16
Nombre de pages 16
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2023011
Publié en ligne 20 décembre 2023

© D. Thiéblemont et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2023

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

The mainly Variscan age of the Alpine basement is widely documented and diverse models have been proposed trying to insert this prealpine basement in a plate tectonic model (see for example Guillot et al., 2009; Guillot and Ménot, 2009; Faure and Ferrière, 2022; Von Raumer et al., 2015 ; Ballèvre et al., 2018, 2020; Siegesmund et al., 2023; Jacob et al., 2022; Vanardois et al., 2022). This topic has led to the acquisition of a large amount of geochronological data by more and more precise techniques providing a large panel of ages indicating emplacement in the case of magmatic protoliths and source inheritance in the case of (meta)sedimentary rocks. To date, occurrences of Precambrian rocks have been recovered only in some places of the Central and Eastern Alps (see review in Von Raumer et al., 2015 ; Siegesmund et al., 2023). In the Western Alps, the possible occurrence of a Precambrian basement has been postulated in the 1970’s based on field and petrographical considerations (Pêcher and Vialon, 1970) apparently supported by « total-Pb » zircon ages ranging from 430 to 800 Ma (Biju-Duval, 1975; Barféty and Pêcher, 1992). In particular, the occurrence of high-grade metamorphic rocks (granulite facies) in this basement was considered as a determining argument in favour of a pre-Hercynian age (Pêcher and Vialon, 1970). Recent work indicating an Ordovician age (c. 480 Ma) for granulite protolith and Carboniferous age for HT metamorphism (Jacob et al., 2022) clearly discards the previous interpretation. In fact, the best argument for the possible occurrence of Precambrian rocks in the Western Alps is provided by the presence of Neoproterozoic zircons in metasedimentary formations thought to derive from the erosion of the pre-Alpine basement (Chu et al., 2016; Fréville et al., 2018). It has been shown that the pre-Alpine basement of the Central and Eastern Alps is partly made of an Ediacarian arc system (Von Raumer et al., 2015), but no such basement has been evidenced to date in the Western Alps.

In this paper, we present new geochronological data obtained in a restricted crystalline terrain located in the Serre Chevalier area, about 5 km to the west of Briançon city. These data provide the first evidence of the existence of a Precambrian (Cadomian ?) event in the pre-Alpine basement of the Western Alps and its local reworking in a metasedimentary sequence of Brioverian (i.e., Upper Ediacarian to lower Cambrian) age.

2 Geological outline

The studied area is located in the Briançonnais domain (simply named « Briançonnais » in the following text), one of the main tectonic domains of the internal Western Alps (Fig. 1).

At the latitude of Briançon (Figs. 1 and 2), a West-East section through the Alpine nappes stack cut accross the following domains: (i) the external Dauphinois domain which exposes a pre-Alpine basement (External Crystalline Massifs or ECM) covered by weakly to non metamorphosed Mesozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary series; (ii) the narrow Subbriançonnais unit which is bounded to the west by a major thrust (Frontal Penninic Thrust) putting the internal Alps in contact with the external Alps (Dauphinois); (iii) the Briançonnais which is a continental domain made of a stack of nappes with a lithostratigraphical succession clearly distinct from that of the Dauphinois; (iv) the Liguro-Piemontese domain, an ocanic domain including remnants of the original oceanic floor (ophiolites) and associated sediments (Schistes lustrés) intensively deformed and metamorphosed under high pressure − low temperature metamorphic conditions in the blueschist/eclogite facies (e.g. Bousquet et al., 2012).

At the transition between the Briançonnais and Liguro-Piemontese domains a specific Piemontese domain is classically defined (Barféty et al., 1995) which is considered as the continental margin making the transition between continent and ocean. Alternatively, this domain may be considered as part of the Briançonnais (Ballèvre et al., 2020) with no need to define an additional paleogeographic domain. Following this point of view, we distinguish an external Briançonnais to the west and an internal Briançonnais to the east, the former being further divided into a western and an eastern subdomain (Barféty et al., 1995; 1996).

The external Briançonnais, well exposed in the eponym Briançon region (Barféty et al., 1995), is mainly characterized by well-developed Carboniferous to Permian sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary basins overlained by a thick Triassic sedimentary sequence, a restricted Jurassic to lower Cretaceous interval and an upper Cretaceous to Eocene sequence with dominant flysch deposits. The lowest term of the supracrustal succession is the Cristol detrital formation (conglomerates, sandstones) of supposed Namurian age (Barféty et al., 1996). The basement below this formation is unknown. The whole domain is affected by west-verging thrusts and was metamorphosed under upper-greenschist facies conditions during the Eocene-Oligocene Alpine collision.

The internal (eastern) part of the Briançonnais domain, thrusted over the external one (Figs. 2 and 3Fig. 3), is dominated by east verging late stage backfolds and backthrusts that often invert the original nappe stack, bringing Briançonnais-derived thrust sheets over Liguro-Piemontese ophiolites and associated sediments (« schistes lustrés ») (Ballèvre et al., 2020). The metamorphism is of blueschist facies with calculated temperature and pressure of 300°C and 6-10 kb respectively (Barféty et al., 1995). The basement of the internal Briançonnais (i.e., « Piemontese domain » according to Barféty et al., 1995) is not visible in the Briançon region but may be observed to the north in Vanoise, being part of the group of the Internal Crystalline Massifs which represents the easternmost edge of the European basement (Fig. 1).

thumbnail Fig. 1

Simplified geological of the Western Alps (modified from Chantraine et al., 2003 after Schmid et al., 2004 and Bousquet et al., 2012) with indication of the location of the studied area (rectangle in the center of the figure).

3 The Serre Chevalier crystalline terrain

For convenience the studied rocks are designated as the Serre Chevalier terrain but correspond to a group of three closely spaced outcrops of kilometric size (Fig. 2) designated by three different names (Eychauda, Crête du Mal Parti, Serre Chevalier) (Barféty et al., 1996). These crystalline rocks are mapped as a unique formation on the geological map (symbol ξ) (Barféty et al., 1996) but exhibit a large range of facies (see below) which could not be distinguished at the 1/50,000 scale (Barféty et al., 1996). These outcrops are the largest though not the only occurrences of crystalline rocks in the external Briançonnais. Another one, located at the summit part of the Chaberton peak, is represented on Figures 2 and Figures 3. Other occurrences are of too limited extension to be reported on these figures. Collectively, they have been included in a specific lithotectonic unit considered as the uppermost part of the external Briançonnais nappes stack (Termier, 1903) now designated as the intermediate slices (Barféty et al., 1995 and refs. therein). This situation is well exhibited in the Serre Chevalier area where the crystalline terrains lie at the top of the mountain range, a position placing them at the upper part of the nappes stack (Fig. 3).

To the east, the intermediate slices unit continues into the Prorel outcrop (Fig. 2) which is mainly composed of a coarse-grained and polygenic sedimentary breccia including crystalline fragments at the top (Barféty et al., 1995). More to the east (Figs. 2 and 3), the intermediate slices unit marks the transition between the external and internal Briançonnais, being mapped as a west-verging tectonic slice backthrusted over the Triassic of the Chaberton peak on its eastern side (Fig. 3). The isolated outcrop of crystalline terrains mapped at the summit of that peak corresponds to the easternmost extension of the intermediate slices unit.

In the Serre Chevalier area (Fig. 4), the crystalline rocks reach an apparent maximal thickness of about 300 m and overlies different sedimentary units (Fig. 3) (Barféty et al., 1996): a dark flysch (« flysch noir ») at the base, grading upward into an olistostrome locally overlain by a polygenic breccia with abundant fragments derived from the overlying crystalline unit (Eychauda breccia, Fig. 4).

All those units have been proven to be in sedimentary contact (Barféty et al., 1992; 1995). Microfossils at the base of the succession (dark flysch) have yielded a lower Bartonian age suggesting an upper Eocene age for the whole sequence (Barféty et al., 1992). This led Barféty et al. (1992) to reinterpret the upper part of the Serre Chevalier succession as an olistostrome precursor to the emplacement of the intermediate slices and other Briançonnais nappes in a context of continental collision.

A more straightforward interpretation is to consider the intermediate slices unit as a unique olistostrome including a large range of olistoliths of either sedimentary or crystalline nature emplaced in the course of the dark flysch deposition. A Briançonnais origin would appear as the most probable for those olistoliths.

The Briançon geological map (1/50,000 scale) (Barféty et al., 1995,1996) is the main document giving some information on the Serre Chevalier crystalline terrain and no additional work seems to have been published since that time. The unit is mapped as a composite formation associating dominant micaschist and other crystalline rocks with no atttempt to make cartographical distinctions between the different lithologies (Barféty et al., 1996). It is described as a succession of micaschist and amphibolite beds with sparse lenses of orthogneiss, scarce pegmatites and also chlorite schists and dark schists. Massive amphibolites showing hornblende with brown core and barroisite rim are also described. Brown hornblende belongs to an early stage metamorphic assemblage also including garnet, brown and white mica, and rutile. Late stage minerals include green amphibole (barroisite), chlorite and white mica. Chlorite is frequently observed as pseudomorphs after biotite or garnet.

Toward the base of the unit, a progressive mylonisation and retrogression affect the rocks with apparition of chlorite schists (Barféty et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the contact with the basal breccia is described as stratigraphic. For instance, the retrogressed facies observed at the bottom of the basement unit also occur as blocks within the undelying breccia. This is one of the arguments which led Barféty et al. (1995) to conclude to an emplacement of the basement slices as olistoliths. After exhumation at surface, the basement has been fragmented and incorporated as blocks and panels of plurikilometric size in the Eocene sedimentary succession. For the authors, the metamorphism affecting the basement is clearly of ante-Permian age, but the retrogression could be related to exhumation and only barroisite may be considered as an alpine metamorphic mineral.

Our observations, including the petrographical study of representative facies (Supplementary materials, S1), are consistent with that of Barféty et al. (1996) with some significant additional observations. We do not attempt to draw a precise map as it probably requires to map at the 1/10,000 scale due to the short-scale transitions between lithologies.

The dominant lithologies are metasedimentary with a predominance of micaschist alternating with fine-grained gneiss richer in plagioclase. Transition may be gradual or sharp. In this latter case, gneiss occurs as distinct bands parallel to the main foliation. Quartzite may be locally abundant as submetric bands alternating with micaschist. Amphibolite and fine-grained felsic gneiss (leptynites) appear as decimetric to plurimetric bands (Fig. 5) intercalated within metasediments. Amphibolite and leptynite may alternate as very regular beds with sharp contacts. Amphibolite is generally coarse-grained with well visible amphibole and garnet. The textural association of these large secondary minerals is suggestive of a former subvolcanic (i.e., doleritic) texture. A conglomeratic layer intercalated within the micaschists and paragneisses has also been observed (Fig. 6) with pebbles and boulders of granite some of them reaching an almost metric size.

This new investigation of the Serre Chevalier basement let us to select four rocks for a geochronological study: (i) a micaceous quartzite (sample BRI0321); (ii) a leptynite (fine-grained leucocratic gneiss) (sample BRI0058); (iii) a boulder of granite (sample BRI0334); (iv) a massive garnet-amphibolite (sample BRI0057A). Their petrographical descriptions and geographical coordinates are provided as Supplementary materials (Tab. S1).

thumbnail Fig. 2

Structural sketch map of the studied area (simplified from Barféty et al., 1995) depicting the geological environment of the Serre Chevalier basement. For simplicity, the Subbriançonnais domain has been represented as part of the External Briançonnais. The A-A’ line corresponds to the cross section exposed in Figure 3.
thumbnail Fig. 3

W-E geological section accross the Alps at the latitude of Briançon (simplified from Barféty et al., 1995). Legend as in Figure 2 except for the Houiller zone were Carboniferous and Permian are not distinguished.
thumbnail Fig. 4

Landscape of the Serre Chevalier ski station showing two of the three outcrops of crystalline rocks in this area. The Eocene olistostrome is intercalated between the two outcrops and the more distant one (Eychauda moutain) passes downward to a coarse-grained breccia mainly composed of crystalline fragments (Eychauda breccia).
thumbnail Fig. 5

Outcrop of massive coarse-grained garnet amphibolite (sample BRI0057A).
thumbnail Fig. 6

Outcrop of metaconglomerate with schist and granite (blue circle) pebbles.

4 Geochronological study

4.1 Analytical techniques

The sample preparation, including crushing, zircon extraction and thin section, has been operated in the BRGM laboratories (Orléans, France). In situ U-Pb analyses were obtained on an Agilent 8900 ICP–MS for BRI0321 and BRI0057 and on ThermoScientific ICP-MS X séries II for BRI0058 and BRI0334, both coupled to a Cetac Excite 193nm laser ablation system. The sample is located in a dual-volume laser ablation cell with Helium gas flow. The detailed analytical parameters for the ICP-MS and the laser ablation system are listed in Table S2-1 (Supplementary materials).

The occurrence of common Pb in the sample can be monitored by the evolution of the 204(Pb+Hg) signal intensity. No common Pb correction was applied. The 235U signal is calculated from 238U based on the ratio 238U/235U = 137.88 for the analysis performed with XserieII spectrometer, but are directly measured with the Agilent 8900 spectrometer. Data were corrected for U–Pb and Th–Pb fractionation and for the mass bias by standard bracketing with repeated measurements of the 91500 zircon standard (Wiedenbeck et al., 1995). Reproducibility and accuracy of the corrections are controlled through repeated measurements of the Plešovice zircon standard (338 ± 1 Ma, Sláma et al., 2008) (Supplementary materials, Tab. S2-2 and Fig. S2). Data reduction was carried out with Gliter® (van Achterbergh et al., 2001). Concordia ages and diagrams were generated using Isoplot/Ex version 4.15 (Ludwig, 2012). Uncertainties given in the Tables for individual analyses (ratios and ages) are at 2σ level. Results for age calculation and uncertainties are shown in the Figures at 2σ.

Concordance is calculated according to:

Conc = (Age 206Pb/238U) X100/ (Age 207Pb/235U).

The error correlation coefficient (ρ) is calculated according to Schmitz and Schoene (2007): ρR75-R68 =((σ75/R75)2 +(σ68/R68)2 −(σ76/R76)2)/ (2*(σ75/R75)*(σ68/R68)) where R75 = 207Pb/235U; R68 = 206Pb/238U; R76=207Pb/206Pb, σ = uncertainty of the isotopic ratio.

4.2 Results

Zircon cathodoluminescence images of all the dated zircons are provided as Supplementary materials (Figs. S3-1–Figs. S3-4). U/Pb analyses of the four studied samples are reported in Tables S4-1–S4-4.

4.2.1 Micaceous quartzite − Sample BRI0321

This sample shows a rather heterogeneous zircon population. Crystals are very small (< 100 μm), often broken (Fig. 7). They are colorless to pinky beige, translucent to opaque, subeuhedral to rounded. This wide diversity is consistent with the sedimentary nature of the sample. SEM image also reveals a highly heterogeneous zircon population in terms of zoning patterns, core-rim relationships, luminescence etc (supplementary materials, Fig. S3-1).

105 analyses have been performed on 105 zircons of varied shape and colour. These analyses show a large spread of ages between 500 and 3300 Ma (Fig. 8).

4 analyses are rejected because of a 206Pb/204Pb ratio lower than 1000 indicative of substantial common lead. 42 analyses are rejected for the statistics because they show a degree of discordance higher than 4%. A unique analyse attests for a very old age (> 3300 Ma). Age components deconvolution is done for the 58 remaining analyses using the Sambridge-Compston algorithm (Ludwig, 2012). The histogram (Fig. 9) indicates the existence of 5 populations. The younger one and most abundant (53% of the total) corresponds to an age of 610 ± 3 Ma (206Pb/238Pb ages) which indicates the predominance of Ediacarian elements amongst the source material. The youngest zircons are reported from three samples (BRI0321-6, BRI0321-26, BRI0321-91) which show 206Pb/238Pb ages in the range 580-584 Ma. An age of c. 580 Ma can therefore be considered as a maximum for the sedimentation of the quartzite. Note however that no age younger than Ediacarian is recorded. The four others age populations are grouped around 940 Ma (12% of the total), 1825 Ma (∼ 20%), 2100 and 2560 (10% and 3% respectively) (Fig. 9).

thumbnail Fig. 7

Zircon population extracted from the BRI0321 sample observed with a binocular magnifier.
thumbnail Fig. 8

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the U-Pb isotopic results of zircons from sample BRI0321 (micaceous quartzite).
thumbnail Fig. 9

Histograms and probability density plots of 206Pb/238U and 207Pb-206Pb ages in the BRI0321 sample.

4.2.2 Leptynite intercalated in paragneiss − Sample BRI0058

Because of the small size and scarcity of zircon, only about forty crystals have been extracted from this sample. Zircons are stubby, translucent, of pink color and slightly rounded. SEM image also reveals variable zoning patterns, core-rim relationships and luminescence intensities (Fig. 10).

30 analyses have been performed on 30 different crystals. 5 analyzed are rejected because of 206Pb/204Pb ratios < 800 indicating substantial common lead or excessive degree of discordance (i.e., 10% tolerance for the 207Pb/235U vs. 206Pb/238U ages). Except for one spot (25) showing a concordant Paleoproterozoic age (c. 2090 Ma) (Fig. 11b), the 22 analyses plot along the concordia and amongst then 18 define a well-constrained age of 597 ± 4 Ma (Fig. 11).

thumbnail Fig. 10

Cathodoluminescence image of some zircons of the BRI0058 sample. The ages obtained at each spot are listed in Table S4-2 (Supplementary materials).
thumbnail Fig. 11

Wetherill (1956) diagram for the analyses performed in sample BRI0058 (a) with emphasis on one concordant age giving an age around 2100 Ma (b).

4.2.3 Granite boulder − Sample BRI0334

This sample shows rare zircons of variable size (∼100-500 μm) (Fig. 12). Crystals are generally stubby, light beige, translucent and euhedral to subhedral with frequent bubble inclusions and some of them (Supplementary materials, Fig. S3-3) exhibit a distinct core with an irregular shape and bright CL luminescence surrounded by a well-crystallized and oscillatory zoned rim with darker CL luminescence (Fig. 13).

45 analyses have been performed on 40 zircons. 4 analyses have been discarded because of a 206Pb/204Pb ratio lower than 1000 indicative of substantial common lead. The remaining 41 analyses are very scattered in the Concordia diagram (Fig. 14a). 34 plots along the concordia between 750 and 400 Ma with two significant events at 580-600 Ma (13 analyses) and 490-500 Ma (18 analyses) (Fig. 14b). An age of 582 ± 5 Ma may be calculated from 5 concordant analyses of the first group (Fig. 15b) which corresponds mostly to crystal cores (spots 2, 7, 13, 25, 37) and display low U/Th ratios (< 5). An age of 492 ± 4 Ma may be calculated from 9 analyses of the second group (Fig. 15d) which correspond to crystal rims (spots 1, 4, 11, 29, 30, 34, 35, 38, 40) and display high U/Th ratios (> 5). Despite the mild accuracy of the probability associated with this age (MSWD = 5.4); the grouping of points confers it a reasonable level of confidence. An example is displayed on Figure 13, with a single zircon showing a core at 584 ± 8 Ma (206Pb/238U age) and U/Th ratio of 1 and a rim at 471 ± 5 Ma and U/Th ratio of 12.

Plot of 206Pb/238U age against Th/U (Fig. 16) shows a clear discrimination between two groups : (i) a young group corresponding mostly to analyses performed at zircon rims. Except for 3 analyses, the zircons of this group show Th/U ratios < 0.15 and 11 out of them show Th/U < 0.1 ; (ii) an old group corresponding only to analyses performed in zircon cores. The Th/U ratio in this group ranges from 0.2 to 1 being generally higher than that of the other group. Note that all analyses with a Th/U ratio < 0.15 and age < 500 Ma are from the rims, nevertheless some zircons display rims with Th/U > 0.15 and age > 500 Ma. This indicates that young rims are not present around all zircons.

Differences of Th/U ratios between magmatic and metamorphic zircons have been frequently observed with the conclusion that magmatic zircon generally display high Th/U relative to metamorphic ones (Pystina and Pystin, 2019 and refs. therein). Based on a regional compilation of U-Th data from igneous and metamorphic zircons from Western Australia, Yakymchuk et al. (2018) showed that less than 1% of the igneous zircons from their data base display Th/U ratios < 0.1, whereas such low values are commonly observed in the metamorphic zircons. Nevertheless, the rule is not absolute; an unambiguous example of igneous zircons with low Th/U ratios has been reported by Lopez-Sanchez et al. (2015). Those zircons of Permian occur as rims surrounding zircon cores of Ediacarian age.

According to Hoskin and Schaltegger (2003) rims could form in solid state by (re)crystallization or dissolution-precipitation in presence of a metamorphic fluid. Conversely data from Lopez-Sanchez et al. (2015) show that such rims may also result from crystallization at a magmatic stage.

Kirkland et al. (2015) proposed a method for relating measured zircon Th/U ratio to that expected for zircon crystallized in equilibrium with the host magmatic rock. The objective is to evaluate the consistency between the Th/U ratio of zircon and nature of the magmatic host rock. Calculation of zircon/whole rock fractionation factors of U and Th for a range of magmatic rocks of different temperatures indicates a decrease of the solubility of both elements in zircon at increasing temperature. The method of Kirkland et al. (2015) has been tested for the granite block BRI0334.

The geochemical analyse of BRI0334 (Supplementary materials, Tab. S5) indicates a moderate SiO2 content (68.1%) and high TiO2 content (= 0.74%) suggestive of relatively high temperature (e.g., Hayden and Watson, 2007). U and Th contents are respectively of 2.13 ppm and 16.3 ppm. U(zircon/whole rock) and Th(zircon/whole rock) fractionation factors have been calculated for the two age-populations of zircons (492 Ma and 582 Ma) from the mean U and Th contents measured at each spot. U(zircon/whole rock) and Th(zircon/whole rock) for the young rims are of 317 and 3 respectively, against 259 and 15 for the c. 582 Ma-old zircons. Values for the rims would suggest a temperature of c. 800°C if calculated after U and more than 1200°C if estimated after Th. This is clearly inconsistent, indicating that zircons with the U and Th contents of zircon rims of BRI0334 cannot crystallize from a magma having the composition of BRI0334.

The temperature obtained from the mean U and Th contents of the c. 582 Ma-old zircons are of c. 850°C when calculated from U and c. 1000°C when calculated from Th. This is more consistent and shows that zircon with the U and Th contents of the c. 582 Ma-old zircons may actually crystallize from a magma having the composition of BRI0334. Note that the temperatures estimated for BRI0334 fom three different methods (zircon solubility, Watson and Harisson, 1983; rutile solubility, Hayden and Watson, 2007; monazite solubility, Montel, 1993) are similar and equal to 900°C.

thumbnail Fig. 12

Zircons analyzed from the sample BRI0334 observed with a binocular magnifier.
thumbnail Fig. 13

Cathodoluminescence image of a representative zircon crystal from sample BRI0334, showing the typical core-rim relationship, with distinct 206Pb/238U ages and Th/U ratios obtained for spots 8 and 9 respectively in the core and rim of the zircon.
thumbnail Fig. 14

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the entire set of U-Pb isotopic results obtained from sample BRI0334 (a) and focus on the lower part of the diagram (350-750 Ma interval) (b).
thumbnail Fig. 15

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the U-Pb isotopic results obtained in sample BRI0334 in the ranges 380-520 Ma (a) and 500-780 Ma (c) with details of analyses around the two calculated ages at 492 Ma (b) and 582 Ma (d).
thumbnail Fig. 16

Plot of Th/U ratio against 206Pb/238U age for the analyses performed in the zircons of sample BRI0334 with distinction between core and rim analyses.

4.2.4 Coarse-grained amphibolite − BRI0057A

The zircon extracted from this amphibolite are very small, brittle, translucent, of pale pink color and euhedral to anhedral (Fig. 17). Under CL images (Supplementary materials, Fig. S3-4) the zoning pattern of the grains is often “striped”, diffuse or patchy, rather than clearly oscillatory. Such features are quite common in zircons from mafic rocks (Laurent et al., 2017). Rutile has also been extracted but attempt to date it by LA-IC-MS technique was unsuccessfull due to very low U contents.

45 analyses have been performed on 38 zircons. 5 analyses are rejected from age calculation because of 206Pb/204Pb < 1000 indicative of substantial common lead. 5 other analyses are rejected because of degrees of discordance > 4% (Fig. 18). Amongst the 35 remaining analyses, the 27 most concordant points give a concordia age of 517 ± 3 Ma interpreted as the crystallization age of the protolith.

thumbnail Fig. 17

Zircons (translucent) and rutile (brown to red) extracted from sample BRI0057A. Binocular magnifier view.
thumbnail Fig. 18

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the U-Pb isotopic results obtained from the 45 zircon analyses performed in sample BRI0057A.

5 Discussion

5.1 Chronology of the Serre Chevalier crystalline terrain

The results obtained on the micaceous quartzite BRI0321, with a well-defined age of 610 ± 3 Ma corresponding to more than half of the zircon population and a subordinate age of 939 ± 8 Ma, clearly point to the dominant contribution of Neoproterozoic material in the original sediment. Minimal ages of 580 Ma obtained from the zircons of this rock fixes a maximal age for the deposition of the original sediment.

The quartzite alternates with the more common micaschist lithology which has not been analyzed but constitutes the matrix of the conglomerate with granitic pebbles, one of them (sample BRI0334) giving two main zircon ages populations: 492 ± 4 Ma and 582 ± 5 Ma.

As pointed earlier, the younger age is obtained from zircon rims which are clearly distinct from the core and present lower Th/U ratios (< 0.15). From this low Th/U ratio and considerations about the fractionation factors of U and Th relative to the host rock (granitic boulder BRI0334) we came to the conclusion that these rims cannot be of magmatic origin. We suggest that the zircon rims grown during a metamorphic event at 492 Ma, while zircon cores had crystallized at 582 Ma from the granitic magma.

Taken together, the maximal sedimentation age of 580 Ma obtained from the micaceous quartzite and the age of 582 Ma age obtained for the granitic boulder imply the deposition of the sedimentary to have occurred after ∼ 580 Ma.

The wide spectrum of ages obtained for the micaceous quartzite attests for multiple sources. A dominant Ediacarian age is indicated by the well-defined peak at 610 ± 3 Ma. Another peak at 939 ± 8 Ma witnesses another Neoproterozoic contribution whereas the remaining zircon populations attest for Paleoproterozoic supplies.

The well-defined age of 597 ± 4 Ma obtained for the leptynite alternating with paragneiss, with only one analysis giving an older date of c. 2.1 Ga is again compatible with a Neoproterozoic age of the Serre Chevalier crystalline terrain. Two hypotheses may be envisaged: (i) the leptynite had a magmatic origin and emplaced as lava interbedded in the sedimentary sequence or as dyke cutting accross it; (ii) the leptynite derived from a sedimentary protolith and could correspond to an arkosic bed with a composition very close to that of its magmatic precursor. This latter hypothesis is the most consistent. Knowing that the maximal age of deposition of the sedimentary sequence is 580 Ma presence of a 597 Ma-old lava or intrusion in this sequence is actually inconsistent.

Another data to be discussed is the age of 517 ± 3 Ma obtained on the garnet-amphibolite BRI0057A. This rock is clearly of magmatic origin and intercalated within metasediments. Initial emplacement may have been extrusive (lava) or intrusive (lode). A volcanic origin would implie the deposition of the sedimentary series to have taken place at 517 Ma and an intrusive origin that it took place after 582 Ma and before 517 Ma. An intrusive origin is more compatible with the coarse texture of the amphibolite but this fact is not really conclusive. In the volcanic hypothesis, the lack of any zircon with age close to 517 Ma in the metasediments would implie the volcanic material to have never been reworked in the sediments. This is again more compatible with an intrusive origin but not totally conclusive. In any case the available constraints make sure that the emplacement of the Serre Chevalier unit occurred in the interval 582-517 Ma.

Finally, as discussed earlier, we interpret the 492 Ma age obtained on the zircon rims of the granite pebble BRI0334 as reflecting a later metamorphic event, which presumably affected the whole Serre Chevalier crystalline basement. Evidence of amphibolite-facies metamorphism is indeed found in several lithologies of the Serre-Chevalier unit. In particular, the mafic amphibolite (sample BRI0057A) displays a well-developed amphibolite-facies assemblage with coexistence of green hornblende, garnet and rutile. Considering the coeval stability of rutile and garnet, this metamorphism presumably occurred at relatively high pressure >10 kbar (Green et al., 2016). This metamorphism is clearly pre-Alpine (i.e., pre-Permian) (Barféty et al., 1995) but remains to be precisely dated.

5.2 Regional perspective

Precambrian to lower Cambrian rocks are rather scarce in the Alpine basement. Occurrences of rocks older than 500 Ma listed in Table 1 show that they occur mainly in the Eastern and Central Alps. To our knowledge, the rocks of Serre Chevalier are the first Ediacarian formations dated so far in the Western Alps.

In the external crystalline Massifs (ECM), the oldest known formation is the ophiolite complex of Chamrousse which has been dated around 500 Ma (Ménot et al., 1988; Pin and Carme, 1987) and is therefore significantly younger than the Serre Chevalier crystalline terrains.

In the Briançonnais domain, different occurrences of intrusive felsic rocks dated between c. 510 and 500 Ma are reported (Tab. 1). These veins cut accross metasedimentary sequences whose minimum deposit age is therefore of 510-500 Ma but no other geochronological constraints are available.

More to the east, data obtained in the Lepontine Alps and Austroalpine domain indicate the occurrence of a large set of metabasic rocks with ages between c. 540 and 500 Ma (Tab. 1) which have been interpreted as scattered relicts of former magmatic arcs of Ediacarian to Cambrian age (Von Raumer et al., 2015). Precise ages older than 540 Ma are however rather scarce (Tab. 1) and obtained on particular samples of local occurrence.

A piece of basement comparable to the one we date in the Serre Chevalier area is therefore unknown in the Alpine context which makes impossible to correlate the Serre Chevalier with any geological unit around. Nevertheless, the occurrence of a Neoproterozoic basement is suspected in many places and consistent with the ages obtained to date on inherited zircons in some metasedimentary sequences (Fréville et al., 2018 ; Chu et al., 2016 ; Manzotti et al., 2015, 2016) or on veins cutting accross them (see refs. in Tab. 1).

Table 1

Review of precise geochronologgical data for rocks dated at > 500 Ma in different areas of the Alps.

6 Conclusions and perspectives

The new results presented in this article provide the first occurrence of pre-Alpine basement-rocks of Ediacarian age in the Western Alps. Ediacarian ages are obtained on a boulder of granite in a coarse-grained conglomerate (582 ± 4 Ma) and in a micaceous quartzite (c. 580 Ma) and leptynitic gneiss (597 ± 4 Ma) where they correspond to maximal deposit ages with no evidence of younger ones. A minimum emplacement age is constrained by the date at 517 ± 3 Ma obtained on a coarse-grained garnet amphibolite intercalated in the metasediments. The interval of 582-517 Ma is comparable to that obtained for the metasedimentary units of the Brioverian group of the Armorican Massif (Chantraine et al., 2001) suggesting a probable « Cadomian » origin for the Serre Chevalier unit.

Finally, an age of 492 ± 4 Ma obtained from zircon rims in a granite block included in a conglomerate is interpreted as the age of a late stage metamorphic event.

Beyond these results, many aspects of the Serre Chevalier basement remain to be studied: (i) a detailed geological mapping at 1/25,000 or even 1/10,000 scale would help to elucidate the exact nature of the original sedimentary series and a possible olistostrome origin suggests by the presence of large granitic boulders; (ii) a quantitative petro-structural investigation would enable the determination of the tectono-metamorphic evolution at the pre-Alpine and Alpine stages including the signification and extent of the upper Cambrian event detected in the granitic block ; (iii) regional comparisons are necessary to search for possible correlations between the Serre Chevalier terrain and other basement domains of the Alps.

Beyond the Alps, the place and signification of the Serre Chevalier unit must be envisaged in the frame of the whole Cadomian belt, that is an arc and back-arc system located at the northern margin of Gondwana during Ediacarian (e.g., Linnemann et al., 2007; Stampfli et al., 2013; Couzinié et al., 2017).

Supplementary Material

S1 – Petrographical descriptions – Descriptions pétrographiques

S2 – Analytical techniques – Techniques analytiques

Table S2-1 – Summary of operating conditions for the LA-ICP-MS equipment for U-Pb zircon dating

Table S2-2 – U-Pb analyses of quality control on Plešovice zircon (Slama et al., 2008)

Fig. S2 – Results of repeated measurements on the Plešovice zircon standard

S3 – Zircon cathodoluminescence images for the studied samples with location of all analytical spots

Fig. S3-1 – Location of analytical spots in the 105 zircons analyzed in sample BRI0321

Fig. S3-2 – Location of analytical spots in the 30 zircons analyzed in sample BRI0058

Fig. S3-3 – Location of analytical spots in the 40 zircons analyzed in sample BRI0334

Fig. S3-4 – Location of analytical spots in the 105 zircons analyzed in sample BRI0057A

S4 – U-Pb analyses – Analyses U-Pb

Table S4-1 – Analytical results obtained from the zircons of sample BRI0321. The analyses typed in italic are not taken into account because of high contents of common lead or degrees of discordance higher than 4%

Table S4-2 – Analytical results obtained from the zircons of sample BRI0058. The analyses typed in italic are not taken into account because of high contents of common lead or high degrees of discordance

Table S4-3 – Analytical results obtained from the zircons of sample BRI0334. The analyses typed in italic are not taken into account because of high contents of common lead or high degrees of discordance

Table S4-4 – Analytical results obtained from the zircons of sample BRI0057A. The analyses typed in italic are not taken into account because of high contents of common lead or high degrees of discordance

S5 – Geochemical analyse of the BRI0334 granite

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Acknowledgments

This work has been realized in the frame of the « Chantier Alpes et bassins périphériques » project as part of the RGF (« Référentiel Géologie de la France ») national program sponsored by BRGM. Oscar Laurent and an anonymous reviewer are kindly thanked for their constructive comments which lead to significant improvements in the final version.

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Cite this article as: Thiéblemont D, Jacob J-B, Lach P, Guerrot C, Leguérinel M. 2023. First report of an Ediacarian basement in the Western Alps: the Serre Chevalier crystalline unit (Briançonnais domain, France), BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 194: 16.

All Tables

Table 1

Review of precise geochronologgical data for rocks dated at > 500 Ma in different areas of the Alps.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

Simplified geological of the Western Alps (modified from Chantraine et al., 2003 after Schmid et al., 2004 and Bousquet et al., 2012) with indication of the location of the studied area (rectangle in the center of the figure).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

Structural sketch map of the studied area (simplified from Barféty et al., 1995) depicting the geological environment of the Serre Chevalier basement. For simplicity, the Subbriançonnais domain has been represented as part of the External Briançonnais. The A-A’ line corresponds to the cross section exposed in Figure 3.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

W-E geological section accross the Alps at the latitude of Briançon (simplified from Barféty et al., 1995). Legend as in Figure 2 except for the Houiller zone were Carboniferous and Permian are not distinguished.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

Landscape of the Serre Chevalier ski station showing two of the three outcrops of crystalline rocks in this area. The Eocene olistostrome is intercalated between the two outcrops and the more distant one (Eychauda moutain) passes downward to a coarse-grained breccia mainly composed of crystalline fragments (Eychauda breccia).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

Outcrop of massive coarse-grained garnet amphibolite (sample BRI0057A).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6

Outcrop of metaconglomerate with schist and granite (blue circle) pebbles.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 7

Zircon population extracted from the BRI0321 sample observed with a binocular magnifier.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 8

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the U-Pb isotopic results of zircons from sample BRI0321 (micaceous quartzite).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 9

Histograms and probability density plots of 206Pb/238U and 207Pb-206Pb ages in the BRI0321 sample.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 10

Cathodoluminescence image of some zircons of the BRI0058 sample. The ages obtained at each spot are listed in Table S4-2 (Supplementary materials).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 11

Wetherill (1956) diagram for the analyses performed in sample BRI0058 (a) with emphasis on one concordant age giving an age around 2100 Ma (b).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 12

Zircons analyzed from the sample BRI0334 observed with a binocular magnifier.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 13

Cathodoluminescence image of a representative zircon crystal from sample BRI0334, showing the typical core-rim relationship, with distinct 206Pb/238U ages and Th/U ratios obtained for spots 8 and 9 respectively in the core and rim of the zircon.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 14

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the entire set of U-Pb isotopic results obtained from sample BRI0334 (a) and focus on the lower part of the diagram (350-750 Ma interval) (b).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 15

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the U-Pb isotopic results obtained in sample BRI0334 in the ranges 380-520 Ma (a) and 500-780 Ma (c) with details of analyses around the two calculated ages at 492 Ma (b) and 582 Ma (d).
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 16

Plot of Th/U ratio against 206Pb/238U age for the analyses performed in the zircons of sample BRI0334 with distinction between core and rim analyses.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 17

Zircons (translucent) and rutile (brown to red) extracted from sample BRI0057A. Binocular magnifier view.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 18

Wetherill (1956) normal concordia diagram showing the U-Pb isotopic results obtained from the 45 zircon analyses performed in sample BRI0057A.
In the text

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