Present-day tectonic setting of Western Europe. The solid white line shows the Nubia– Eurasia plate boundary. Dashed white lines show the boundaries of the Adria and Alboran micro-plates. Small (resp. large) yellow circles show earthquakes of magnitude Mw ≥ 4.5 (resp. Mw ≥ 6.0) from AD 1000 to 2006 (SHARE catalogue, Giardini et al., 2013). Red vectors with white bases show GNSS velocities relative to Western Europe (Masson et al., 2019b) for a few selected sites illustrating the relative plate and micro-plate motions.